SPEECH OF SHRI MORARJI R DESAI
MINISTER OF FINANCE
INTRODUCING THE BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1962-63 (INTERIM)
Dated : March 14, 1962
I rise to present the budget of the Central Government for the year 1962-63.
The main purpose of this budget is to place before Parliament an account of
the finances of the Central Government for the current year and to obtain from
the House a vote on account to meet the expenditure of the Government until
the new Parliament considers the budget again.
2. The major developments in the Indian economy during the current year have
been outlined in the Economic Survey which is being circulated separately. I
shall, therefore, refer only briefly to economic conditions in the past twelve
months before going on to give an account of the Revised Estimates for 196-62
and the Budget Estimates for 1962-63.
3. The year under review has been the first year of the Third Five Year Plan.
It is a matter of great satisfaction to me that despite the step-up in Plan
outlays, which this House approved when the budget for the year was presented,
and despite the continuing upward trend in private investment, a measure of
stability has been restored to the general price level. The more or less steady
increase in the general level of prices during the Second Five-Year Plan was
a matter of major concern to the Government as well as to this House. This upward
trend has been arrested during the current year and the general index of whole-sale
prices in recent weeks has been lower than a year ago. Since August 1961, the
All India working class consumer price index has remained stable.
4. The abatment of the pressure on prices is essentially a reflection of the
improvement in production. During 1960-61, agricultural production had increased
by 8.1 per cent, an all-time record. During the first ten months of 1961, industrial
production has shown an increase of about 7.6 per cent over the corresponding
period in the preceding year. A notable feature of the year was the growth of
output in some of the new mechanical and electrical engineering industries.
Steel production went up from 2.2 million tons in 1960 to about 2.9 million
tons in 1961. Significant increases were also recorded in the production of
sugar, coal, cement, export products like tea and coffee, and in the field of
chemical industries, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, soda ash and fertilisers.
5. While improvements in supplies have undoubtedly been of major importance
in bringing about a better balance between supply and demand in the economy,
the part played by fiscal and monetary policy should not be overlooked. The
substantial volume of additional taxation which the House allowed me to introduce
in the last budget has contributed significantly to the enlargement of resources
for development and keeping inflationary pressures in cheek. The Reserve Bank,
for its part, has continued to pursue a policy of general restraint, with due
regard to the genuine needs of investment in productive enterprises.
6. Turning from internal to external resources, the picture which I have to
present is far less satisfactory. We had begun the Second Plan with our sterling
reserves amounting to Rs.746 crores. They were drawn down at a rapid rate throughout
the Second Five-Year Plan and we started the Third Five-Year Plan with only
Rs.136 crores of sterling balances. Despite every effort to increase exports,
to restrict inessential imports and to obtain external assistance to cover the
balance of our indispensable import requirements to sustain and develop our
economy, our sterling balances declined to Rs.98 crores at the end of July 1961.
One reason for this was that negotiations for aid for our Third Five-Year Plan
could not be finalised before the Plan started. To tide over the situation and
to cover the time-lag in the availability of external aid for our Plan, we had
to draw upon our second line of reserves with the International Monetary Fund
to the extent of $ 250 million or roughly Rs.119 crores, last August. Part of
this drawing was offset by repayments in respect of an earlier drawing from
the Fund during the Second Five-Year Plan and on balance, a sum of Rs.58.3 crores
became available from the Fund for augmenting our reserves during the current
year. Even so, we are likely to end the current financial year with sterling
balances lower than at the beginning of the year.
7. Our export earnings have shown a distinct improvement during the current
year. On present expectations, they would amount to something like Rs.665 crores
during 1961-62-an improvement of 5 per cent over the level in the last year
of the Second Plan. An even greater intensification of our export effort is,
however, essential if we are to achieve the Plan target of total export earnings
of the order of Rs.850 crores by 1965-66.
8. Our imports during the current year have been running somewhat lower than
in the last year of the Second Plan. The fact that despite a decrease in imports
and an increase in exports our balance of payments has not improved, is due
largely to a deterioration of what is known as invisibles-repayment of loans
and interest, travel and miscellaneous remittances of all kinds. We shall have
in the coming months, to pay special attention to our receipts and payments
on account of invisibles. One of the things on which we are laying, and must
continue to lay, the greatest emphasis is that we cannot afford to use short-term
credits or credits which carry a high rate of interest.
9. I am happy to say that there is now greater appreciation abroad of the importance
of giving aid to developing countries on specially favourable terms which will
not put an unbearable burden on the economy in the years to come. Mr. Black,
President of the World Bank, has been urging this policy upon all aid-giving
countries and the International Development Association, which is affiliated
to the World Bank, has already started making sizable loans to us which will
be virtually free of interest and repayable over 50 years. The bulk of the developmental
assistance from the United. States in recent years was repayable in Indian currency.
Loans from the new U.S. Aid Agency would be repayable in dollars; but the repayments
would be spread over a very long period and, as in the case of the International
Development Association these loans are virtually interest-free. The Soviet
Union and several countries from Eastern Europe have been making loans to us
at a low rate of interest; and at the same time increasing their purchases of
Indian goods to enable us to repay these loans. Canada, as the House knows,
has been giving us substantial aid in the form of grants. Federal Republic of
Germany has lowered interest charges and lengthened repayment schedules significantly
in recent loan agreements. The United Kingdom while raising the level of aid,
has further lengthened the period of her credits. Japan has also moved in the
same direction.
10. Another favourable trend in the sphere of international aid is the growing
recognition of the fact that general support to a country’s balance of
payments is at least as important as the provision of resources for setting
up individual identifiable projects. The true measure of economic progress and
development is not the number of major industrial projects that are set up in
the country, but the general increase in levels of consumption and production,
of income and saving. Increase in industrial capacity is but one of the things
through which this can come about. Increased production from existing industrial
units is no less important. In a primarily agricultural economy like ours, an
improvement in farm production through irrigation, through fertilisers, through
better transport and communications, has a much bigger contribution to make
to our development than an increase in the number of industrial projects.
11. The requirements of external assistance for the Third Plan, exclusive of
imports of agricultural products financed under Public Law 480 of the United
States, have been estimated at 2,600 crores. When we started the Third Plan,
we had in hand assistance of the order of Rs.700 crores either by way of carry-over
from the Second Plan, or by way of commitments for projects to be taken up during
the Third Plan. Subsequently, the consortium meetings arranged by the World
Bank in May-June 1961 led to the provisional commitment of an additional amount
of Rs.1,100 crores. I am happy to note that the membership of the consortium
is on the increase, France having already committed assistance to us through
the consortium. Outside the consortium, we have received assistance from Italy
for oil development. It has to be remembered that just as there was a carry-forward
of commitments and aid from the Second Plan to the Third Plan, there is bound
to be a similar and perhaps larger throw-forward from the Third Plan to the
Fourth Plan. This fact has to be borne in mind in negotiating further aid during
the rest of the Third Plan period.
12. In allocating the aid available, we have naturally given priority to the
key sectors of our economy. Thus, it has been possible to cover the bulk of
the requirements of power projects in the Third Five-Year Plan. The expansion
of the three Steel Plants in the public sector has the promise of necessary
aid from the countries with whose co-operation they were originally set up.
For oil exploration, production and refining, all but a small portion of the
Plan requirements have been provided for. In otherimportant sectors, such as
railways, ports and shipping, the coal and manufacturing industries generally,
the coverage is about one-half. The House would no doubt want me to take this
opportunity of expressing our appreciation to the International Agencies, as
well as to the individual countries who have so generously extended their assistance
to us in our great endeavour.
13. While we are receiving aid from so many countries, we are not unmindful
of the importance of making our own contribution, however humble, in this field
and have been ready to help, whenever and wherever possible, other developing
countries of the world. As a participant in the Colombo Plan., India, amongst
the countries in the areas of South and South-East Asia, is the biggest donor
of technical assistance. We have also assisted in the preparation of the Mekong
River Project in Cambodia and in giving technical assistance under the Special
Commonwealth African Assistance Plan.
14. Turning once again from external to internal matters, I should like to refer
to the Report of the Third Finance Commission which has already been placed
before both Houses of Parliament. We are accepting all the recommendations of
the Commission for the sharing of Central taxes and payments of grants-in-aid
except the one relating to statutory grants-in-aid being made to cover a part
of the revenue component of State Plans. The reasons why we have not been able
to accept the recommendations regarding the payment of a part of the Plan grants
as statutory grants-in-aid have been set out in the Explanatory Memorandum on
the Report. I would merely like to reiterate that this decision does not in
any way affect the totality of Central assistance towards the State plans which
will continue to be made available on the basis of annual reviews of the overall
financial position and other relevant factors.
15. The acceptance of the Finance Commission’s recommendations involves
an additional payment of Rs.35 crores to the States next year and with the raising
of the States’ share of income-tax and the considerable increase in the
number of shareable excises, the gain to the States in future years would be
very much more. The crux of the matter, however, is not how resources are shared,
but how they are mobilised in the aggregate; and in this great task of providing
the financial resources necessary for our Plan, the States have as important
a role to play as the Central Government. 16. I would now give an account of
the Revised Estimates for 1961-62 and the Budget Estimates for 1962-63.
17. The budget this year estimated the revenue receipts at Rs.1,017.95 crores
and expenditure met from revenue at Rs.1,023.52 crores. On current trends, the
revenue receipts are likely to go up to Rs.1,079.11 crores and the expenditure
to Rs.1,045.15 crores, with the result that the budgeted deficit of Rs.5.57
crores will be converted into a revenue surplus of Rs.33.96 crores.
18. The improvement in revenue receipts is mainly due to better collections
under Customs, Union Excise Duties and Corporation Tax and income-tax. Larger
imports of machinery and, mineral oils and imposition of countervailing duties
on the latter account for an increase of Rs.9.96 crores under Customs. Union
Excises are expected to be more by Rs.38.32 crores, following the general improvement
in production and clearances, increase in the duty on mineral oils and better
realisations from new excises. With the rapid growth of business and industry
the revenue from income-tax including Corporation Tax is likely to go up by
Rs.28 crores. These improvements, however, will be partly counter-balanced by
the increase of Rs.13.45 crores in the States’ share of Income-tax and
Estate Duty.
19. Civil expenditure this year is now estimated at Rs.743.22 crores against
the original budget of Rs.740.6 crores and Defence expenditure at Rs.301.93
crores against the original estimate of Rs.282.92 crores.
20. The increase of Rs.2.62 crores in Civil expenditure is the net effect of
variations over a number of heads. Debt services are estimated to cost Rs.4.2
crores more due chiefly to lower recoveries from the States and Railways. Subsidies
on sugar exports and movement of coal by sea account for an increase of Rs.S.25
crores. States’ share of Excise Duty will go up by Rs.4.6 crores and the
transfer of the grant under P.L.480 Funds to the Special Development Fund will
exceed the original estimate by Rs.3 crores. These increases in expenditure
will, however, be partly counter-balanced by a number of savings, of which the
major items ar e R s.12.06 cror es under the group head “Social and Developmental
Services” and Rs.6. I crores in the grant to the States in lieu of their
share of income-tax. The requirements of Defence Services are now expected to
exceed the original budget by Rs.19.01 crores due mainly to increase in the
provision for stores, equipment, transportation and other charges.
21. Before dealing with the estimates for the coming year, I would like to draw
attention to certain changes in accounts which will come into effect next year.
Honourable Members will recall that, in my speech last year, I had referred
to the decision taken, in consultation with the Comptroller and Auditor-General,
to revise the accounting structure and to phase the changes over a period of
two years. The changes, which are to be introduced next year, are set out in
detail in the Explanatory Memorandum. I shall refer only to two main Items.
Recoveries of interest from State Governments and Commercial Departments have
hitherto been adjusted in the accounts in reduction of interest charges. As
this arrangement does not reflect the interest burden of the Government correctly
these recoveries will, from next year, be shown as interest receipts. Secondly,
the working expenses of Commercial Departments like Railways and Posts and Telegraphs,
which are at present booked in the accounts in reduction of receipts, will be
shown as expenditure in the future.
22. For the next year, on the ‘ basis of existing levels of taxation,
the revenue is estimated at Rs.1,305.87 crores and expenditure at Rs.1,369.33
crores leaving a deficit of Rs.63.46 crores.
23. As compared with the current year’s Revised, the revenue estimates
next year show an increase of Rs.226.76 crores. Of this, Rs.149.57 crores are
attributable to the change in classification of interest recoveries from States
and Commercial Departments, which, as explained earlier, are being treated as
interest receipts next year. The rest of the increase is spread over a number
of heads. Union Excise Duties are expected to show an improvement of Rs.21.33
crores. Taxes on income, including Corporation Tax, would go up by Rs.14 crores,
but the States’ share of income-tax and Estate Duty will be less by Rs.3.57
crores due mainly to absence of arrear payments provided for in the current
year. The grant from P.L.480 Funds would exceed the current year’s level
by Rs.27 crores. Other interest receipts are likely to go up by Rs.6.36 crores.
The receipts from Goa, Daman and Diu for the full year are expected to amount
to Rs.5.01 crores.
24. Of the expenditure of Rs.1,369.33 crores next year. Rs.1,028.66 crores will
be under Civil heads and Rs.340.67 crores for Defence Services.
25. Excluding Rs.151.13 crores on account of changes in accounting classification
of interest recoveries and working expenses of Commercial Departments, the Civil
expenditure next year shows an increase of Rs.134.31 crores which is distributed
over a large number of heads. The growing volume of public debt, both internal
and external, accounts for an increase of Rs.12.23 crores under debt services.
The provision for the various social and developmental services in the second
year of the Plan would be more by Rs.14.74 crores. Transfer of PL 480 grant
to the Special Development Fund will exceed the current year’s Revised
by Rs.27 crores. Following the acceptance of the Finance Commission’s
recommendations, the States’ share of Union Excise Duties would be higher
by Rs.33.43 crores. Provision of Rs.5.28 crores has been made for the requirements
of the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu and of Rs.7.5 crores for payment to
the Reserve Bank for the withdrawal of Escudo currency in these territories.
Grants to States show a net increase of Rs.13.79 crores. The rest of the increase
is spread over a number of heads for which detailed explanations have been given
in the. Explanatory Memorandum.
26. The net expenditure on Defence Services in the coming year will be Rs.38.74
crores more than in the current year. The increase occurs mainly under Army
and Air Force estimates and reflects the cost of the measures taken to strengthen
the Armed Forces. I am sure the House will support these measures which are
intended to safeguard the territorial integrity and security of the country.
27. The current year’s budget provided for a total capital outlay of Rs.454
crores excluding the adjustment for the transfer of capital assistance from
the United States to the Special Development Fund which is technically treated
as Capital expenditure. The corresponding capital outlay is now estimated at
Rs.427 crores showing a saving of Rs.27 crores. This is the net result of several
variations. Food purchases would cost Rs.18 crores less mainly due to the slowing
down of imports under P. L.480. Of the other important savings, mention may
be made of Rs.6 crores under Defence Capital Outlay, Rs.9 crores by the Oil
and Natural Gas Commission, Rs.6 crores by Heavy Engineering Corporation, Rs.6
crores under Delhi Capital Outlay, Rs.4 crores each by the National Coal Development
Corporation and the Shipping Corporation. But these shortfalls will be partly
counter-balanced by the increase of Rs.10 crores on account of Railway Capital
requirements, Rs.7 crores for Hindustan Steel Rs.6 crores for Indian Refineries
and Rs.4 crores for Neyveli Lignite Corporation.
28. The corresponding provision for Capital Outlay next year is Rs.588 crores
representing an increase of Rs.161 crores over the current year is Revised.
The increase is chiefly attributable to the stepping up of Plan Outlays in the
second year of the Plan. Provision has been included for additional Capital
requirements of Rs.60 crores for Hindustan Steel and Rs.197 crores for Railways
representing an increase of Rs.53 crores and Rs.27 crores respectively over
the current year’s provision. Purchase of foodgrains would cost Rs.16
crores more whereas Border Road requirements would exceed the current year’s
estimate by Rs.12 crores. Of the rest of the increases, I would only mention
Rs.14 crores for the Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Rs.7 crores for National
Highways, Rs.6 crores each for Heavy Engineering Corporation and Farakka Barrage
Project R .6 crores for Defence Capital Outlay and Rs.4 crores for Atomic Energy
Research.
29. In addition to the provision for direct Capital Outlay, the estimates include
Rs.469 crores this year and Rs.453 crores next year for loans to the States
against the original provision of Rs.409 crores. The grant of ad hoc loans amounting
to Rs.30 crores to four States to clear their overdrafts with the Reserve Bank
at the end of the Second Plan and larger ways and means advances to cover the
temporary lag in the resources of the State Governments explain the larger requirements
in the current year. The loans to other parties are now estimated at Rs.152
crores this year and Rs.147 crores next year as compared with the original budget
of Rs.171 crores.
30. The next year is estimates include a total provision of Rs.1,107 crores
for implementing the Plan, comprising Rs.192 crores on revenue account and Rs.915
crores as Capital Outlay including loans. In addition, Railways are expected
to provide Rs.26 crores and Hindustan Steel, Rs.30 crores, from their own resources.
The estimates include Rs.405 crores as assistance to the States, of which Rs.96
crores would be in the Revenue budget and Rs.309 crores in the Capital budget.
With the resources of Rs.283 crores, which the States are expected to raise
on their part, the total outlay on State Plans next year would amount to Rs.688
crores. The outlay on the Central portion of the Plan will aggregate to Rs.758
crores. The total Plan outlay for the second year of the Third Plan of both
the Central and State Governments together will thus be of the order of Rs.1,446
crores. This would mean stepping up of the current year’s budgeted outlay
of Rs.1,214 crores by 19.1 per cent. Allowing for possible shortfalls, the actual
Plan outlay in the first two years of the Plan is likely to cover about, one-third
of the target of Rs.7,500 crores envisaged in the Plan.
31. The budget for the current year had estimated the overall deficit at Rs.70
crores, of which Rs.64 crores were expected to be met by expansion of treasury
bills and the rest by the drawing down of the cash balance. According to the
latest assessment, the overall gap is now expected to increase to Rs.121 crores.
This means that despite the revenue deficit of Rs.6 crores having been converted
into a surplus of Rs.34 crores and despite a saving of Rs.27 crores in capital
expenditure the overall gap will be Rs.51 crores more than our original estimate.
This is mainly due to shortfalls in both internal and external borrowings. Net
market borrowings including small savings would show a drop of Rs.38 crores,
while the net borrowings from abroad would be less by Rs.47 crores. P. L.480
deposits would also show a shortfall of Rs.36 crores.
32. For the next year, I am taking a credit of Rs.26 0 crores from market borrowings
including prize bonds and Rs.105 crores net from Small Savings. The budget also
assumes a credit of Rs.455 crores from foreign loans and Rs.90 crores from P.L.480
deposits, including Rs.50 crores to be transferred from the moneys formerly
deposited with the State Bank of India.
33. The overall budgetary position may now be summarised. The revenue budget
is expected to show a deficit of Rs.63 crores. Capital outlay will amount to
Rs.588 crores, loans to States and other parties, Rs.600 crores and debt repayments,
Rs.227 crores. The total disbursement of Rs.1,478 crores is expected to be met
to the extent of Rs.820 crores from internal and external borrowings, Rs.218
crores from repayment of loans Rs.90 crores from investment of P.L.480 Funds
and Rs.203 crores from miscellaneous debt and deposit heads, leaving a gap of
Rs.147 crores.
34. At this stage, I would only emphasise how concerned I am over the fact that
we are ending the current financial year, despite the buoyancy of revenues,
with a bigger overall deficit than we had envisaged when the budget for the
year was introduced. We shall, therefore, need to do everything possible to
enlarge our budgetary resources, so as to ensure stability in the economy.
35. Sir, I shall now like to conclude. In the recent elections, the nation has
for the third time affirmed its confidence in our Plans and our policies. We
shall have many Plans to fulfil before we reach our goal. On the whole, the
Third Plan has begun well. There have been all-round increases in production,
stability of prices and the external aid which we have received has enabled
us, despite the continuing stringency of foreign exchange, to cover a good proportion
of our developmental needs. But there is no room for complacency. Each successive
year will call for greater effort on the part of everyone if we are to move
forward as fast as we want to, indeed as fast as we must.